This summer I have spent a wonderful fortnight in Bedford, a beautiful market town north of London, by the river Great Ouse. It’s not very far from Oxford, and that made me think of the coincidence in the ending of these two names. In fact, there are many towns or villages whose names contain the suffix -ford. Not only that, there is an important number of endings that get repeated over and over: -by, -ing, -ham, -bourne, -borough, -burg, etc. Why? These suffixes must have a meaning.
The names of towns and cities in Great Britain reflect the history of this nation. We can find words that come from the different languages that were spoken at a given time in the land.
Some are Celtic in origin, others are of Latin root and most of them are Anglo-Saxon, but we cannot forget the influence of the Viking invasions, especially in the North-East of Britain.
Let´s have a look at the different name endings that have remained from the peoples that once inhabited Britain.
Latin
The Romans stayed in Britain for several centuries, but the original inhabitants, the Celts, did not pick their language. However, the military influence of the Romans was so overpowering, that the names of their fortifications or “castra” have remained with different spellings. Thus, we can find: Chester, Manchester, Colchester, Lancaster, Gloucester /ˈglɒstə/, Leicester /ˈlɛstər/ etc.
From the word colonia, meaning settlement, we get the suffix -coln, as in Lincoln.
The element port can have two origins, the word porta, meaning gate, or the word portus, meaning harbour, thus, we can find towns inland and by the sea that contain that root: Portsmouth, Stockport.
From the word strata, meaning street, we have the root strat, as in Stratford.
The names of towns and cities in Great Britain reflect the history of this nation. We can find words that come from the different languages that were spoken at a given time in the land.
Some are Celtic in origin, others are of Latin root and most of them are Anglo-Saxon, but we cannot forget the influence of the Viking invasions, especially in the North-East of Britain.
Let´s have a look at the different name endings that have remained from the peoples that once inhabited Britain.
Latin
The Romans stayed in Britain for several centuries, but the original inhabitants, the Celts, did not pick their language. However, the military influence of the Romans was so overpowering, that the names of their fortifications or “castra” have remained with different spellings. Thus, we can find: Chester, Manchester, Colchester, Lancaster, Gloucester /ˈglɒstə/, Leicester /ˈlɛstər/ etc.
From the word colonia, meaning settlement, we get the suffix -coln, as in Lincoln.
The element port can have two origins, the word porta, meaning gate, or the word portus, meaning harbour, thus, we can find towns inland and by the sea that contain that root: Portsmouth, Stockport.
From the word strata, meaning street, we have the root strat, as in Stratford.
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| A Roman castrum Image in: http://www.museicivicialbano.it |
Celtic
Although the Celts were the oldest inhabitants, not many words of Celtic origin remain in the language. From the word aber, meaning mouth of a river, we have Aberistwith in Wales, and Aberdeen in Scotland, but nothing in England.
Other Celtic elements include coombe (deep valley), glen (narrow valley) and pen (hill): Coombe, Glenrothes, Penzance.
Old English
From the middle of the 5th century the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They were all Germanic tribes ad their language formed the base of the English language. Thus, the place names that contain Anglo-Saxon elements are numerous. Here are a few:
Old Norse
The Vikings raided and finally settled in England in the 9th century, establishing the Danelaw in the North-East and East of the country. There are many Scandinavian place names, especially in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. These are the most typical endings:
Although the Celts were the oldest inhabitants, not many words of Celtic origin remain in the language. From the word aber, meaning mouth of a river, we have Aberistwith in Wales, and Aberdeen in Scotland, but nothing in England.
Other Celtic elements include coombe (deep valley), glen (narrow valley) and pen (hill): Coombe, Glenrothes, Penzance.
Old English
From the middle of the 5th century the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They were all Germanic tribes ad their language formed the base of the English language. Thus, the place names that contain Anglo-Saxon elements are numerous. Here are a few:
- burg, borough, bury, indicate that these places were once fortified settlements. The word derives from Germanic and can be traced in most countries in western Europe, including Spain and Portugal. Edinburgh, Marlborough and Shaftesbury are some examples.
- burna (-borne) a brook, stream: Winterborne
- dun - a hill: Ashdon (meaning hill with ash trees)
- eg (-ey) an island: Aldersey.
- ford - shallow place where water can be crossed. Oxford was originally a place where oxen used to cross the river.
- halh - a nook, corner of land, as in Bramhall
- ham - a homestead. It is found in hundreds of place names. Tottenham, Clapham, Lewisham or Nottingham are just a few examples. The “h” is silent in many of these names.
- ingas (-ing) the people of …: Charing, Kettering, Ealing. Sometimes -ing is combined with ham or tun: Birmingham, Wellington.
- leah (-ley) a clearing: Crawley.
- stede - a place, site of a building, as in Stansted.
- tun - an enclosure, farmstead, is by far the most common ending of English place names: Luton, Norton.
- well - a well, spring: Stanwell, Southwell.
- wic - a farm or settlement: Keswick, Warwick, Norwich. Notice that the “W” is silent in these place names.
- worth - an enclosure, homestead: Letchworth.
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Image: 'Edinburgh fountain #2 (HDR)' http://www.flickr.com/photos/19663529@N00/282526144 |
Old Norse
The Vikings raided and finally settled in England in the 9th century, establishing the Danelaw in the North-East and East of the country. There are many Scandinavian place names, especially in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. These are the most typical endings:
- by - a farm, then a village: Grimsby
- gil - a ravine: Scargil
- holmr (-holm) flat ground by a river. There are many places called Holme or containing this word in their names.
- thorpe - a secondary settlement, farm: Althorpe.
- thveit (-thwaite) a meadow, a clearing: Gunthwaite.
- toft - a site of a house and outbuildings, a plot of land: Blacktoft.
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| Area of Danelaw
Image in: http://www.ancientworlds.net
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French
After the conquest, the Normans changed very few place names in England. Most times they just added the name of the family that owned the land. Thus, Ashby-de-la-Zouch or Herstmonceaux state who their owners were in the past. Other French names are those beginning with Bel or Beau, meaning fair or beautiful: Beaulieu, Belgrave, Beaumont.
Richmond is also French, meaning strong hill (riche mont).
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| Richmond castle
Image in: http://www.richmondancestry.org/
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As you can see, the different endings or elements of place names give us a lot of information as to the origins and history of that place, relating it to the people that used to inhabit it long ago.
If you would like to know the original meaning of a place name in England, this website of the University of Nottingham can be of great help.
If you would like to know the original meaning of a place name in England, this website of the University of Nottingham can be of great help.
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